AMPHIPOLS: Applications

Type of application	Rationale	Observations	Amphipols used	References
MP immobilization onto solid supports	Tagged APols will simultaneously make a MP water-soluble, stabilize it biochemically, and anchor it onto a solid support.	Tags that have been validated to date include biotin, polyhistidine, an oligodeoxynucleotide, and distributed imidazole moieties.	A8-35, NAPols, PC-APols	Basit et al. (2012), Charvolin et al. (2009), Della Pia et al. (2014a, b), Ferrandez et al. (2014), Giusti et al. (2014a), Le Bon et al. (2014a)
Delivery of MPs to preexisting membranes	APols do no lyse target membranes (lipid vesicles or black films, cell plasma membrane) and can therefore be used to deliver to them hydrophobic cargoes.	TMPs have been delivered to lipid vesicles, black films, mesophases, and cell plasma membranes. Caveats: insertion process expected to be traumatic for fragile MPs; carrier APols will remain associated to the target membrane.	A8-35, A8-75, PMAL	Kyrychenko et al. (2012), Nagy et al. (2001), Pocanschi et al. (2006), Polovinkin et al. (2014b), Popot et al. (2011)
Vaccination	Stabilizing biochemically and physically MPs used as immunogens. Co-delivering them along with APol-bound or co-trapped adjuvants.	The A8-35-trapped major outer membrane protein (MOMP) from Chlamydia trachomatis offers a much better protection to vaccinated mice than its detergent-solubilized counterpart.	A8-35	Tifrea et al. (2011, 2014)